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साक्ष्य विधि का कार्य उन नियमों का प्रतिपादन करना है, जिनके द्वारा न्यायालय के समक्ष तथ्य साबित और खारिज किए जाते हैं। किसी तथ्य को साबित करने के लिए जो प्रक्रिया अपनाई जा सकती है, उसके नियम साक्ष्य विधि द्वारा तय किये जाते हैं। साक्ष्य विधि अपने आप में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण विधि है। समस्त भारत की न्याय प्रक्रिया भारतीय साक्ष्य अधिनियम 1872 की बुनियाद पर टिकी हुई है। साक्ष्य अधिनियम आपराधिक तथा सिविल दोनों प्रकार की विधियों में निर्णायक भूमिका निभाता है। इस साक्ष्य अधिनियम के माध्यम से ही यह तय किया जाता है कि सबूत को स्वीकार किया जाएगा या नहीं किया जाएगा। अधिनियम को बनाने का उद्देश्य साक्ष्यों के संबंध में सहिंताबद्ध विधि का निर्माण करना है, जिसके माध्यम से मूल विधि के सिद्धांतों तक पहुंचा जा सके। इस साक्ष्य अधिनियम के माध्यम से ही जो इतने सारे अधिनियम बनाए गए हैं, उनके लक्ष्य तक पहुंचा जाता है। कोई भी कार्यवाही या अभियोजन चलाया जाता है, अभियोजन पूर्ण रूप से इस अधिनियम पर ही आधारित होता है। बिना साक्ष्य अधिनियम के अभियोजन चलाने की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती है तथा किसी भी सिव...

Common Intention And Common Object Under The Indian Penal Code 1860: A Comparative Analysis I.  Section 34: Acts Done By Several Persons In Furtherance Of Common Intention-  According to Section 34, when a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone. II.  Object Of Section 34:-  Section 34 lays down only a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence . This section is intended to meet cases in which it may be difficult to distinguish between the acts of the individual members of a party or to prove exactly what part was taken by each of them in furtherance of the common intention of all. This section really means that if two or more persons intentionally do a thing jointly, it is just the same as if each of them has done it individually. The reason why all are deemed guilty in such cases is that th...

“The mind was apt to take pleasure in adapting circumstances to one another, and even in straining them a little, if need be, to force them to form parts of one connected whole, and the more ingenious the mind of the individuals, the more likely was it, considering such matters, to overreach and mislead itself, to supply some little link that is wanting, to take for granted some fact consistent with its previous theories and necessary to render them complete” – A warning addressed by Baron Alderson to the jury in  Reg v. Hodge (1838) 2 Lew 227,  on danger that conjecture or suspicion may take the place of legal proof. “ The conspirators invariably deliberately, plan and act in secret over a period of time. It is not necessary that each one of them must have actively participated in the commission of the offence or was involved in it from start to finish. What is important is that they were involved in the conspiracy or in other words, there is a combination by...

In recent times, there has been an increase in the instances in which sedition charges were pressed against intellectuals, human rights activists, filmmakers, university teachers, students, and journalists. What is sedition? The Indian Penal Code defines sedition (Section 124A) as an offence committed when "any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India". Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity. However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section. Punishment for the offence of sedition Sedition is a non-bailable offence. Punishment under the Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term, to which fine may be add...